Is the word abbreviated?
Abbreviations such as Ms., Mrs., Mr. Dr are widely used today. Before 1750, many more are found; the vestiges of a widespread medieval system of abbreviation.

Clerks usually drew the attention of the reader to an abbreviated word by one of several ways:

1. A short line, usually straight but sometimes curled, above the words concerned. This is called a tittle, and denotes a contraction: that is, letters missing from the middle of the word, such as in the word below: umquhile (meaning 'deceased'). In this case the clerk has written vmqle with a tittle above.

The most frequently omitted letters are m and n, or er, so try inserting each of these first to make possible sense of the word. The word below is summa (the Latin word meaning 'total'). The clerk has written Suma with a curled tittle above the m.

2. A flourish after a letter, usually the last letter in a word. The word below is Testament, but it has been abbreviated to Test and the clerk has made a mark of suspension after the last letter.



The phrase below is hir said spous, but the clerk has contracted the word said to just sd, and has made the d loop backwards to cross the s.

3. A superscript letter - usually the last letter. A word was often abbreviated by writing the first few letters then the last letter (or a letter near the end of the word) superscript. For example, the word Edinburgh was frequently abbreviated this way to Edr. The example below reads Edr. 7th day of January 1689.

4. A special letter or symbol. The ampersand (&) is the special symbol indicating the word and. It was in use since medieval times and derives from the Latin word et meaning and. By the eighteenth century it is common to find it written like the modern typescript version. But this form was in use much earlier, as the example below (from the mid-seventeenth century) shows:

A simpler form, and one widely used in sixteenth, sevententh and eighteenth century texts consists of a curl with a small head (see example below).



Depending how clearly this is written it can easily be confused with the letters x, p, or the secretary hand h. The ampersand is one of those letters or symbols which suffer from the idiosyncracies of the writer, especially an elaborate writer. The example below required at least four strokes of the pen:

If this hasn’t solved the problem try another option:

Phonetic Spelling
Scots, Legal and Latin words
Sums of Money
Dates

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